Which of the following can be a risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is recognized as a risk factor for developing osteoporosis due to their effect on calcium absorption and bone metabolism. PPIs reduce the production of gastric acid, which is necessary for the effective absorption of certain nutrients, including calcium. Over time, reduced calcium absorption can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of fractures. This mechanism illustrates the potential impact of prolonged PPI use on bone health.

In contrast, frequent exercise generally promotes bone health by enhancing bone density, while increased vitamin A can have a dual impact on bone health depending on the dosage. Additionally, high selenium intake, while essential for various biological functions, does not have a direct link to osteoporosis risk. Each of these factors plays a different role in the maintenance of bone density and health, further justifying why the long-term use of PPIs is specifically associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis.